Prior and future earthquake effects in Valdivia, Chile
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-28132020000100041Keywords:
Earthquake, CPTu, Liquefaction, Cyclic failure, Co-seismic deformationAbstract
The 1960 Mw = 9.5 subduction earthquake that struck Chile had an epicenter close to the city of Valdivia. There was widespread damage due both strong ground shaking from the earthquake and from the subsequent tsunami. These earthquake effects are examined from a modern perspective and the potential for future effects are discussed. Based on recent cone penetration measurements (sCPTu) the ground failures observed along the waterfront and other locations in Valdivia are attributed to cyclic failure of sensitive “clayey” soils and/or liquefaction of saturated “sandy” soils. If similar strong shaking is experienced in future earthquakes, similar ground failures would be expected. The regional subsidence in and around Valdivia following the 1960 earthquake is attributed to tectonic deformations and is corroborated with the same mechanism from the recent 2010 Mw = 8.8 earthquake. If a similar magnitude event is experienced in the future, similar subsidence/uplift are expected which appear to follow a harmonic function. The goal of investigating these past earthquake effects and potential future effects is to help minimize the earthquakes risks in Valdivia and other regions subjected to the same hazards.
References
Arenas, M., Milovic, J., Pérez, Y., Troncoso, R., Behlau, J., Hanisch, J. and Helms, F. (2005). Geología para el ordenamiento territorial: área de Valdivia, Región de Los Lagos. Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería SERNAGEOMIN, Carta Geológica de Chile, Serie Geología Ambiental 8: 71p., 6 mapas escala 1:100.000 y 1 mapa escala 1:25.000.
Boulanger, R.W. and Idriss, I.M. (2004). Evaluating the potential for liquefaction or cyclic failure of silts and clays. Report UCD/CGM-04/ 01, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Davis, USA.
Bray, J.D. and Travasarou, T. (2007). Simplified procedure for estimating earthquake-induced deviatoric slope displacements. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 133(4), 381-392.
Bray, J.D. and Sancio, R.B. (2006). Assessment of the liquefaction susceptibility of fine-grained soils. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 132(9), 1165-1177.
Bray, J.D., Augello, A.J., Leonards, G.A., Repetto, P.C. and Byrne, R.J. (1995). Seismic stability procedures for solid-waste landfills. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 121(2), 139–151.
Chlieh, M, Avouac, J.P., Hjorleifsdottir, V., Song, T.R.A., Ji, C., Sieh, K., Sladen, A., Hebert, H., Prawirodirdjo, L., Bock, Y. and Galetzka, J. (2007). Coseismic slip and afterslip of the great Mw 9.15 Sumatra–Andaman earthquake of 2004. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 97(1A), 152-173.
Chopra, A.K. (1995). Dynamics of structures. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Duke, C.M. and Leeds, D.J. (1963). Response of soils, foundations, and earth structures to the Chilean earthquakes of 1960. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 53(2), 309-357.
González, J. y Verdugo, R. (2014). Sitios afectados por licuefacción a causa del terremoto 27-F. VIII Congreso Chileno de Ingeniería Geotécnica, Santiago, Chile, artículo A26.
Green, R.A., Cubrinovski, M., Cox, B., Wood, C., Wotherspoon, L., Bradley, B. and Maurer, B. (2014). Select liquefaction case histories from the 2010–2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence. Earthquake Spectra 30(1), 131-153.
Holtz, R.D., Kovacs, W.D. and Sheahan, T.C. (2011). An introduction to geotechnical engineering. Pearson, N.J., USA.
Hough, S.E. and Bilham, R.G. (2005). After the earth quakes: elastic rebound on an urban planet. Oxford University Press.
IDIEM (1961). On borings and soil tests in Valdivia along Avenida Costanera between San Carlos St. and the Isla Teja Bridge. Report No. 4,836, July 7, 1961, University of Chile, Unpublished.
Idriss, I.M. and Boulanger, R.W. (2008). Soil liquefaction during earthquakes. EERI Monograph MNO-12, Berkeley, USA.
Kelson, K., Witter, R.C., Tassara, A., Ryder, I., Ledezma, C., Montalva, G., Frost, D., Sitar, N., Moss, R. and Johnson, L. (2012). Coseismic tectonic surface deformation during the 2010 Maule, Chile, Mw 8.8 earthquake. Earthquake Spectra 28(1), 39-54.
Larsen, C.F., Motyka, R.J., Freymueller, J.T., Echelmeyer, K.A. and Ivins, E.R. (2005). Rapid viscoelastic uplift in southeast Alaska caused by post-Little Ice Age glacial retreat. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 237(3-4), 548-560.
Leyton, F., Ruiz, S. and Sepúlveda, S.A. (2009). Preliminary reevaluation of probabilistic seismic hazard assessment in Chile: from Arica to Taitao Peninsula. Advances in Geoscience 22, 147-153.
Lunne, T., Robertson, P.K. and Powell, J.J.M. (1997). Cone penetration testing in geotechnical practice. Blackie Academic. EF Spon/Routledge, NY, USA.
Makdisi, F.I. and Seed, H.B. (1979). Simplified procedure for evaluating embankment response. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division 105(12), 1427-1434.
Moss, R.E.S., Chen, G-X. and Tong, L-Y. (2011). Comparing liquefaction procedures in the US and China. Journal of Sichuan University of Science and Engineering (Natural Science Edition) 24(1).
Moss, R.E.S., Seed, R.B., Kayen, R.E., Stewart, J.P., der Kiureghian, A. and Cetin, K.O. (2006). CPT-based probabilistic and deterministic assessment of in situ seismic soil liquefaction potential. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 132(8), 1032 – 1051.
Nishimura, T., Munekane, H. and Yarai, H. (2011). The 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake and its aftershocks observed by GEONET. Earth, Planets and Space 63, 631-636.
Retamal, E. and Kausel, E. (1969). Vibratory compaction of the soil and tectonic subsidence during the 1960 earthquake in Valdivia, Chile. In 4th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Santiago, Chile, 13-28.
Robertson, P.K. and Cabal, K.L. (2015). Guide to cone penetration testing for geotechnical engineering. 6th edition. Gregg Drilling & Testing, Inc. California, USA (http://www.cpt-robertson.com)
Seed, H.B. and Idriss, I.M. (1971). Simplified procedure for evaluating soil liquefaction potential. Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division 97(9), 1249-1273.
Seed, R.B., Cetin, K.O., Moss, R.E., Kammerer, A.M., Wu, J., Pestana, J.M., Riemer, M.F., Sancio, R.B., Bray, J.D., Kayen, R.E. and Faris, A. (2003). Recent advances in soil liquefaction engineering: a unified and consistent framework. In Proceedings of the 26th Annual ASCE Los Angeles Geotechnical Spring Seminar: Long Beach, CA, USA
USGS (2017). https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/browse/largest-world.php, accessed 6/1/2017
Vigny, C., Socquet, A., Peyrat, S., Ruegg, J.C., Métois, M., Madariaga, R., Morvan, S., Lancieri, M., Lacassin, R., Campos, J., Carrizo, D. et al. (2011). The 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule megathrust earthquake of Central Chile, monitored by GPS. Science 332(6036), 1417-1421.
Villavicencio, G., Breul, P., Bacconnet, C., Fourie, A. and Espinace, R. (2016). Liquefaction potential of sand tailings dams evaluated using a probabilistic interpretation of estimated in-situ relative density. Journal of Construction 15(2), 9-18.
Yazdi, J.S. and Moss, R.E.S. (2016). Nonparametric liquefaction triggering and postliquefaction deformations. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 143(3), 04016105.
Youd, T.L., Hansen, C.M. and Bartlett, S.F. (2002). Revised multilinear regression equations for prediction of lateral spread displacement. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 128(12), 1007-1017.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
